Tutto.Praxis · talking deck
Praxis: built from Anthropic's AI Capabilities & Limitations

What AI can do,
where it breaks,
and how to tell which.

Nine ideas, one per screen: a small, clear model of the machine. Each is a thing to point at while you explain. The drama is in the watching, so take the silences.

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Tutto.The shape of the course
Where we're going

The whole course on one screen

Four moves: what generative AI is, how its character forms, the four properties that bound it, and the calibrated trust they add up to.

What AI is

  1. 1 Two halves of one system
  2. 2 Four properties, one continuum

How it forms

  1. 3 Character: pretrain + fine-tune

The four properties

  1. 4 Next Token Prediction
  2. 5 Knowledge
  3. 6 Working Memory
  4. 7 Steerability

Calibrated trust

  1. 8 When properties collide
  2. 9 Locate the task
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Tutto.Lesson 1 · What AI is
Lesson 1

Two halves of one system

The 4D Framework teaches how you work with AI. This course teaches how AI works with you: the machine properties those human competencies respond to.

You: the 4Ds Delegation: what to hand off Description: how to ask Discernment: judging the output Diligence: verifying and owning it two halves one system The machine: 4 properties Next Token Prediction: where answers come from Knowledge: what it actually knows Working Memory: what it attends to now Steerability: how much control you have

Why it's durable: the boundaries move as models improve, but the properties stay the same. Learn the shape once and it keeps paying off.

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Tutto.Lesson 2 · What AI is
Lesson 2: if you take one thing away

Four properties, each a continuum

AI isn't uniformly clever or uniformly unreliable. It's strong and weak along four predictable axes, and the same mechanism gives you both ends.

Capability · trust it Limitation · verify more → Next Token Prediction where do answers come from? summarise · reformat · explain novel · sparse · true-vs-sounds-true Knowledge what does it actually know? mainstream · popular · stable rare · post-cutoff · niche · contested Working Memory what's it attending to now? fits the window · you supply context very long · cross-session (the cliff) Steerability how much control do I have? short · concrete · verifiable long reasoning · abstract · precision

Calibrated trust isn't trusting or distrusting AI wholesale. It's locating your task on each continuum, then matching how hard you check to where it sits.

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Tutto.Lesson 3 · How it forms
Lesson 3

Character is trained in, not emergent

Politeness, helpfulness and caution don't appear by magic. Two training stages build them, and each leaves predictable fingerprints.

Pretraining reads vast text · predicts the next token a document completer, no idea of helping + human preference Fine-tuning preferences shape it into an assistant treats your input as a request Helpful Honest Harmless The fingerprints it leaves Sycophancy agrees too easily Verbosity over-explains by default Over-caution reflexive hedging Loose confidence sounds sure ≠ is right

Preface a request with a wrong assumption ("I think this plan is bulletproof") and watch it validate you. That's sycophancy, and once you can name it, you can see it coming.

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Tutto.Lesson 4 · The four properties
Lesson 4

It's autocomplete at scale

AI writes word by word, by what tends to follow what. That single mechanism gives you both the fluency and the fabrication.

One token at a time …fix the build? i think▮ we · 32% the · 16% i · 11% pick from what's likely to follow: that's sampling Capability Limitation well-worn paths: summarise · reformat · explain novel · sparse · specific claims Fabrication concentrates in specifics: names, dates, statistics, citations, URLs, quotes. The more precise the claim, the more it warrants a check. Pushed out by: citations · uncertainty signalling · constrained output · generate-then-verify.

The "text your friend" demo makes it visceral: keep tapping your phone's suggested word and you've built a tiny language model. Fluency and fabrication are the same mechanism. You can't have one without the other.

06
Tutto.Lesson 5 · The four properties
Lesson 5

It knows what it read, frozen at a cutoff

No live browsing by default, no lived experience, a hard stop at the training cutoff. The real question isn't "does it know this?" but "how well-represented was this in what it read?"

Capability: frequent · recent-in-training · consistent Limitation mainstream, well-documented, stable topics knowledge cutoff rare · post-cutoff · niche · contested web search retrieval / RAG tools

Characteristic failures: staleness, uneven coverage, inherited bias in what counts as "normal," and no memory of its sources. The 1024-dimension demo shows how retrieval finds meaning, not keywords: "car" lands near "my Civic needs brakes."

07
Tutto.Lesson 6 · The four properties
Lesson 6

The middle of a long context gets lost

Everything the AI attends to lives in a fixed window. Attention weights the edges. What lands in the middle quietly disappears.

Place a key fact in the middle of a long context and accuracy drops 30%+ (Liu et al., 2023). The same U-curve as human recall. recall primacy lost in the middle recency start end ★ key instruction up front repeat what matters ★

It's a cliff, not a gradient: it works until it doesn't, and the overflow is silent. The fix isn't more context, it's smarter: front-load, repeat what matters, start fresh. Memory, compaction and projects push the cliff out.

08
Tutto.Lesson 7 · The four properties
Lesson 7

It follows the letter, not the spirit

The model follows instructions the way it does everything: by continuing a pattern. That makes it steerable, and leaves a gap between what you said and what you meant.

Your instruction "make it shorter" pattern-matched, not understood Output fewer words ≠ what you meant surface the ask for a skimmer Tight control ✓ short · concrete · verifiable format · length · explicit role Loose grip ✗ long reasoning chains · abstract asks · arithmetic small errors drift and compound

When it's followed literally but uselessly, restate the goal; saying it louder won't help. "Shorter, so the exec sees the ask on page two" lands right. In multi-step work, insert a checkpoint so an early slip doesn't carry to the end.

09
Tutto.Lesson 8 · Calibrated trust
Lesson 8

Most failures are two properties meeting

Real-world trouble is rarely one property acting up. Name the two that collided, and the fix points itself out.

Next Token Prediction Knowledge Working Memory Steerability Hallucinated specifics Long-conversation drift Fix: verify names, dates, citations Fix: re-supply context, restate the goal

Other pairs work the same way: confidently wrong math (offload it to code), an agreeable bad premise (invite genuine pushback). Naming the pair is Discernment applied: you evaluate better when you know what kind of wrong you're looking at.

10
Tutto.Lesson 9 · Calibrated trust
Lesson 9

Hold a small model of the machine

Fluent use isn't memorising every failure mode. It's recognising which kind of wrong you're looking at, and reaching for the matching response.

Something feels off in the output Which property? Next Token Prediction · Knowledge Working Memory · Steerability locate the task on each continuum The matching fix verify · re-supply · checkpoint Models keep changing. The boundaries move outward; the four questions don't.

That's calibrated trust, and it survives every model upgrade. This course is the machine half; the 4D Framework & Foundations course is the human half that acts on it.

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Tutto.Praxis
The whole thing, in one line

Four properties.
Each a continuum.
Trust, calibrated.

Next Token Prediction, Knowledge, Working Memory, Steerability: locate your task on each, then match how hard you check to where it sits.

tutto.one/praxis · daniel@tutto.one

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